Friday, February 28, 2020
UPS part 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
UPS part 4 - Essay Example Prior to conclusion, possible problems or synergies that can be developed with regards to each identified outputs will be highlighted. There is a highly competitive working condition at the United Parcel Service. Over the years, the company continuously extend proper trainings to its newly hired employees aside from offering them competitive pay and work packages (Hill a) and a healthy balance between work-and-life (UPS Pressroom a). Since the company is extending work promotion to its employees based on their work performance and professional experiences (Hill; UPS Pressroom a), employees are often highly motivated to give their best performance as they work better for a higher business position. By ensuring that the working condition within the business organization remains attractive, the company has been very successful in terms of maximizing the use of its available human resources. In 2007, UPS manages to experience a fewer absenteeism, lateness and turnover rate aside from a lower cost of health care expenses given that the levels of work satisfaction among its employees are high. Even though the turnover rate of part-time employees is as high as 55.4% (UPS Centennial Edition), full time employeesââ¬â¢ turnover rate at UPS is as low as 8% as of 2007 (Hill b; UPS Centennial Edition). In fact, UPS has been recognized as the best place to maintain a career especially in the case of IT professionals (UPS Centennial Edition). The company experience less intergroup conflicts since the organizational culture in UPS has been designed suitable not only with the work values of Generation Y employees but also employees who belong to generation X and baby boomers (Hill ; UPS Pressroom a). All employees regardless of their hierarchy position at work are being called on a first name basis. The fact that UPSââ¬â¢ organizational culture is known for its ability to effectively promote
Wednesday, February 12, 2020
Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Gangs - Essay Example There are accounts to prove these claims and with this, they tend to resort on things, which worsen their personalities-Drugs, theft, robbery, sexual assaults and even murder are some of the crimes that they commit. There are measures that are continuously done by the authorities to prevent or at least lessen this kind of activities. Most of the people have put the blame on their parents while some attributed this kind of occurrence to the leniency of laws particularly in correcting the children, which deals in sparing the rod. Most of the critics agree that this kind of method spoils the children and they likewise feel that they are free to do whatever they want to do. These things do occur and parents are the pointed culprits on these. They (parents) suffer such a fate since it is their responsibilities to raise their children. However, is it enough to put the blame on the parents alone How about when these children are out of their homes It is an established fact that most of the boys and girls in their puberty age shows untoward behavior and such occurrences do have different reasons, which the science cannot explain to date. When juveniles commit illegal activities, they were arrested and tried as most of the states here claim that it cannot tolerate such untoward behavior. In this case, psychologists and sociologists agree that in order to correct these individuals, the method of correcting them must be different from the method that the justice system applies in reprimanding individuals in legal ages. Juvenile courts are tailored for the correction of minors in order for them to be corrected and become more matured in order to ensure that they would not commit the same mistakes again. Basically, it is divided into three parts "separated into three types: independent and separate courts, part of a family court and unit within a trial court" (Miriam Van Waters, p. 299). This court can either examine or determine the process of correcting a convicted juvenile. Of course, the kind of correction is much lighter than the convicted criminal on the basis that they are on their "tender" or "innocent years." The court also focuses on the development of these individuals, rather than punishment. To add to that, the web also has the definition on juvenile court: legal-explanations.com (2006) stressed that "The court that takes up the cases where there is an involvement of children below eighteen years of age and who are dependant, abused, or out of control. But the cases which has been charged on the under age child as adult cannot be tried in this court. Juvenile Courts 3 A critic claimed, "It is impossible to eradicate juvenile delinquencies if we don't delve on the roots why these things happen." True enough, like most of the crimes and problems, their roots must be eradicated to prevent further harm. In recent studies, most children are involved in gangs and similar organizations solely on the basis of peer pressure in which most of them tend to believe that they should be involved in such organizations for them to cope-up with the society as most of them presume. In this kind of situation, a certain method should be done. In avoiding this kind of scenario to happen, one must know that proper education among the juveniles should be done. This responsibility should not be on the shoulders of
Friday, January 31, 2020
Vision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Vision - Research Paper Example At the end of the process, there is the consolidation of the gains by the organization before ending the process by anchoring the change (Cameron and Mike 187). The success of any organization usually comes about due to the joint efforts of all stakeholders within the organization especially in decision-making. This calls for the engagement of every person within an organization in the coming up with a vision and its communication so that the business achieves its mission and objectives presently and in the future. This underscores the importance of vision to any business that operates in any environment, which must carefully adopt changes especially in its vision to align it with the dynamism of the operational environment. In this work, our focus will be on vision, what and how it should be and the reason for having the vision within an organization. Vision is important to any organization as it will determining the success of the business as it gives the process through which the business is to be run and the expected benefits. This means that having a strong vision and the strategy for executing it is important in the carrying out of change within any organization. According to Kotter, having an effective vision helps the company to define its future by conveying a picture of what it will look like as well as knowing the realistic and attainable goals. The vision also helps in knowing the long-term interests of the employees and guidance on the decision-making goals of the organization. A clear vision for an organization helps in allowing individual initiative and the possibility of having alternatives especially when the conditions within the organization change. According to Kotter, the management of change within an organization is important for the planning and the control off the processes within the organization that are geared towards transforming the way it is run
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Police Pursuits Essay -- Law Enforcement
There are virtually an unlimited amount of aspects about police work that places them in harmââ¬â¢s way every day. Some of which officers are trained to mitigate and exercise some form of control over while others are mostly out of police control. Vehicle pursuit is one instance where police have little control over and thus must adopt a mostly reactionary response rather than a proactive approach. Police officer training and preparation for such pursuits are conducted during their initial phases of training and some receive advanced Emergency Vehicle Operational and Control (EVOC) training that they will bring back to their respective agencies to provide training for the rest of their fellow officers. This is only in response to an increasingly dangerous and costly increase to the amount of police vehicle pursuits over approximately the last decade. But why are criminals increasingly running from police? Since the inception of police as a profession, the ââ¬Ëbad guysââ¬â¢ have always tried to escape justice form the ââ¬Ëgood guysââ¬â¢ in an attempt to continue their lawless and criminal activity. However as times have changed from horseback chases in rural country landscapes to heavy and speeding vehicles in urban settings, the danger to innocent life has increased exponentially. Some has argued that a ââ¬Ëcontempt of copââ¬â¢ attitude adopted by police in where the officer attempting to make the stop is offended or slighted and therefore acts aggressively to make an apprehension. A possible reason for this is the adrenalin rush rendering officers to adopt an aggressive and overly focused mindset causing them to experience myopia and auditory lockout (Schultz, Hudak, Alpert, 2009) Others claim that an increased lack of authority and an increase in se... .... Until courts and the public start shifting the volume of blame towards the suspect who failed to stop for police, suspects will continue to put us, the law abiding public, at risk. Works Cited Alpert, G. & Smith, W. (2008). Police Pursuits After Scott v. Harris: Far from Ideal. Police Foundation:. Ideas in American Policing. June, 2008. Hill, J. (July 2002) High-Speed Police Pursuits: Dangers, Dynamics, and Risk Reduction. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. July 2002. Oyez. (n.d.) Scott v. Harris. Retrieved on April 03, 2012 from http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000- 2009/2006/2006_05_1631 Schultz, D., Hudak, E., Alpert, G. (2009) Emergency Driving and Pursuits: The Officerââ¬â¢s Perspective. FBI Law Enforcement Bulliten. April 2009. Scott v. Harris. 550 U.S.___(2007). Retrieved on April 02, 2012 from http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1631.pdf
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Paul Poiret Biography
Name: Paul Poiret [pic] Born April 20, 1879ââ¬â April 30, 1944 Biography: â⬠¢ Born in Paris to a wealthy family an attended a Catholic lycee. â⬠¢ After school he started an apprenticeship with an umbrella maker, which did not suit him. â⬠¢ In 1896, as a teenager, he began working for Jacques Doucet, a prominent Parisian couturier of the time. â⬠¢ In four years Poiret worked up the ranks to become head of the tailoring department for Jacques Doucet. â⬠¢ Poiret designed for many actresses of the time, while working on the play L'Aiglon, he snuck into a dress rehearsal and his harsh critique of the sets and costumes got him fired from the movie.But, that did not stop actresses from requesting his designs. â⬠¢ Joined the House of Worth in 1901 as an assistant designer, there he deigned clothes in a stark contrast to the opulent garments from Worth; his were more for the everyday woman. While he felt himself that his fellow designers looked down on him for his more simplistic designs, they were commercially very successful. â⬠¢ While at the House of Worth, Poiret designed his first Asian-inspired piece, which was a simple Chinese-style cloak called Confucius.It offended a Russian princess, who though it was too simple, and not grand enough for anybody but peasants to wear. After opening his House of fashion the mandarin-robe-style cloaks were best sellers. â⬠¢ In 1903 he opened his own couture house, in 1909 he relocated to a very large and spectacular location with a parterre garden. â⬠¢ In the October 1908 publication of Les Robes de Paul Poiret, it featured Poiretââ¬â¢s designs using the pochoir method of printing, giving the images brilliantly saturated areas of color. Poiret worked with artist Paul Iribe to achieve this.Who juxtaposed Poiretââ¬â¢s graphically striking clothes to stylishly arranged backgrounds. With this they helped fuse fashion and art even further. â⬠¢ Also, in 1908 Poiret introduced his lean, high-waisted silhouette. Featuring narrow lines, high waists, covered arms, and low decolletes, making the hourglass silhouette passe. â⬠¢ Poiretââ¬â¢s designs removed the corset, which interfered with his narrow lines, and with that many other designers followed and corsets started to become a thing of the past. â⬠¢ The Poiret Rose became a trademark for the designer after a hree-dimensional silk chiffon rose was sewn to the empire bodice of Josephine, one of the 1907 dresses that was featured in Les Robes de Paul Poiret. â⬠¢ While producing his second album of designs, Les Choses de Paul Poiret (1911), Poiret asked artist Georges Lapape for inspiration for a new look. But Mme. Lepape was the one who inspired one of his most iconic designs, the jupe-culotte, with her sketch. â⬠¢ In April of 1911 Poiret opened Martine, named after one of his daughters, which was a school where creativity could flourish and not be stifled by discipline or only being taught one way. Also, in the same year, 1911, the house of Poiret introduced their first fragrance, Rosine, named after another daughter. Poiret was involved in every aspect of the production of the fragrance. He expanded the fragrance to include soaps and lotions, which was then replicated by other designers. â⬠¢ Poiret was a military tailor throughout the war and had to relaunch his business in 1919 after the war was over. â⬠¢ But by 1929 the House was doing poorly and he sold his business, it is due to this that he lost the rights to his name. Poiret passed away on April 28th 1944 from Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease. Signature looks: [pic] [pic] [pic] Significance: Paul Poiret was incredibly significant because he pushed the boundaries on what was then considered fashion. He changed the shape of the femal body with his daring silhouettes. Poiret revolutionized the way fashion photography was done and essentially created editorials. Poiret also is a great example of a ââ¬Å"spirit of the ti mesâ⬠with his lavish lifestyle and designs; he very much captured the spirit of the 1910ââ¬â¢s and 20ââ¬â¢s.Poiret was influenced by many other cultures and would often bring it in to his designs, especially Asian and Persian. The softly ballooning legs, turbans, and tunic effect become Poiret signature looks. Poiret is regarded by many as the first genius of fashion; he himself proclaims that he is the ââ¬Å"King of Fashionâ⬠in his autobiography of the same name. He is also the first designer to have come out with a beauty line, which has since set the standard for fashion houses. Signature Looks Today: [pic] [pic] Works Cited â⬠¢ Caroline Milbank, A-Z Fashion, Berg Fashion Library, Berg Publishers, online, 10/21/12.Images Cited â⬠¢ Online Image, Timeless Fashion and Art, 2007, 10/21/12 â⬠¢ Online Image, Sun Sentinel: Fashion and Style, December 15th, 2011. â⬠¢ Online Image, FIDM Museum Blog, FIDM, August 19, 2009 â⬠¢ Online Image, Zappos. com , Zappos, 10/21/12 Online Image, Styleite. com, Styleite Paris Couture Week, July 6th, 2011 ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â Poiretââ¬â¢s jupe-culotte and tunic, 1913. Poiretââ¬â¢s fragrance, featuring trademark rose. Asian influenced designs, 1913. Modern couture take on Asian-influence fashion. Baggy trouser pants similar to Poiretââ¬â¢s jupe-culotte.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And Francis Ford...
The concept of evil is often associated with supernatural powers or creatures, especially in fictional and religious texts. Monsters born from fiction, such as vampires, witches, and werewolves, are thought to be models of evil. Beings that possess supernatural powers that defy human understanding or logic. Many popular horror movies depict evil as a dark force that surrounds these creatures and the concept has continued to grow in popularity through the decades. Similar depictions of evil are even associated with creatures and supernatural powers in religious texts from various cultures around the world. However, evil is arbitrary, not supernatural. Today s culture has popularized the idea of good vs evil but the concept is far moreâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In general evil was characterised as the opposite of good, in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated. This in turn coined the term of good vs evil. Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Hinduism, and many other rel igions all adopted the idea of good vs evil. The idea developed into many religions and it eventually formed into the belief of good vs evil. Prior to World War II there was very little philosophical literature on the concept of evil so the general agreement was that supernatural forces influenced good and evil. In the 19th century, the danger of evil was displayed during European expansion and the infamous Rush for Africa. The proper term in New Imperialism, which was a name given to the period of colonial expansion by European powers, Japan, and the United States. The time period saw a heavy pursuit of overseas territorial expansion. At the time first world powers were focused on growing their power, mainly through conquest and the exploitation foreign resources. During the era, these powers individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia, the wave of imperialism reflecting the rivalry between nations to obtain as much power as possible. However, this gave way to serious social implications that adopt the title of ââ¬Å"The White Man s Burden.â⬠The general attitude of first world powers towards other civilisations during imperialism was the need to bring civilisation to these people, whether they liked it or not.Show MoreRelatedA Renewed Sense Of Hopelessness : Americ an Sentiment Following The Vietnam War1395 Words à |à 6 PagesHopelessness: American Sentiment Following the Vietnam War.â⬠Since Iââ¬â¢m interested in studying how film actively molded Americansââ¬â¢ interpretation of the Vietnam War, I picked Francis Ford Coppolaââ¬â¢s film, Apocalypse Now, as my artifact. I thought that it would be a good choice because itââ¬â¢s one of the most well-known war films and it came out just a few years after the Vietnam War. This image from the beginning of the film shows napalm being dropped on the Vietnamese forest, setting everything on fire. - TheRead More Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now2628 Words à |à 11 PagesInterpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now à à à The true meaning of varying interpretations comes alive when one compares the two film versions of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now have the same basic outline and underlying themes, however the plots, characters, settings, time, purposes, and points of view differ enough to create two extremely different effects and two entirely opposite movies. Both movies depict an insanity: of man in Heart of DarknessRead More Elements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness1263 Words à |à 6 PagesElements of Darkness in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness à à à à à In both Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness certain elements of darkness attempt to show how deep one must look inside themselves to discover the truth. Conrad portrays the idea of the darkness of the human heart through things such as the interior of the jungle and its immensity, the Inner Station, and Kurtzs own twisted deeds. Coppolas heart of darkness is represented by the madness of the Vietnam War and how even to lookRead MoreHeart of Darkness vs. Apocalypse Now1031 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe top award at the Cannes Film Festival and be nominated for eight awards at the Academy Awards is an outstanding feat. Francis Ford Coppola s Apocalypse Now did not only that, but won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Coppola can not take all the credit for this enlightening movie. The film was loosely based off of Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness. Though Conrad was not credited in Apocalypse Now, his novella has a great impact on Coppola s cinemat ic masterpiece. CaptainRead More Film Essay - Cultural Turmoil in Francis Ford Coppolaââ¬â¢s Movie, Apocalypse Now1637 Words à |à 7 PagesCultural Turmoil in Francis Ford Coppolaââ¬â¢s Apocalypse Now The era of the 1960ââ¬â¢s was one of change, just like so many of the enduring songs say. With words like revolution and freedom being used to promote movements that changed our society forever. The most important being the Civil Rights movement, and arguably the most influential: the sexual revolution. While great new ideas and beliefs were starting to take root, morals and social constructs that had been established were endangeredRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Marlow/Willard and Kurtz979 Words à |à 4 Pagescontamination and loss of self that leads one to discover more about one s true self, often causing perceived madness. Heart of Darkness, a novel written by Joseph Conrad in 1899, and Apocalypse Now, a movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola, are two works that parallel one another, but at the same time, both reflect their own era in time and their creator s own personal feelings and prejudices. In Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness, Marlow is the protagonist of the novel. He gets a job with an ivoryRead More Apocalypse Now, Apocalypse Forever2580 Words à |à 11 PagesApocalypse Now, Apocalypse Forever Francis Ford Coppolas magnum opus Apocalypse Now was ladened with problems and difficulties before and after filming. These problems ranged from those having to do with the cast and crew, to those having to do with the circumstances surrounding the filming, to those having to do with the script, to those dealing in direct regard to the very sanity of all of those involved with Apocalypse Now. Despite the myriad of problems that contributed to this acclaimedRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad And The Film Apocalypse Now2143 Words à |à 9 Pagessuspenseful, and altogether brutal is what describes ââ¬Å"Heart of Darknessâ⬠by Joseph Conrad and the film adaption Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola. A short novella published in 1899, ââ¬Å"Heart of Darknessâ⬠centers on the journey taken by the narrator Marlow up the Congo River with a Belgian trading company. Upriver he encounters the mysterious ivory trader, Kurtz and is brought face to face with corruption and despair. Set in the Vietnam War, the film Apocalypse Now follows the central character, U.S. ArmyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Heart Of Darkness 706 Words à |à 3 Pagesvs. Willard The stories in the book Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad and the movie Apocalypse Now directed by Francis Ford Coppola are very similar. The main characters in both are similar, but do have their differences, like who they were before they took the job, the settings they were put in, . Before we can compare the characters, we have to compare the stories first. Apocalypse Now was inspired by the story Heart of Darkness. Even though Coppola based his movie off of Conradââ¬â¢s storyRead MoreComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan1515 Words à |à 7 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan Desai Abdul-Razzaaq HIST 1302 ââ¬â American History II Mr. Daniel Bush Central Texas College January 4, 2010 The films Saving Private Ryan and Apocalypse Now were both critically acclaimed films depicting the dramas of war. They both had very realistic qualities and great cinematic values. The films had two great Hollywood directors in, Steven Spielberg
Monday, December 30, 2019
A Brief History of the Pledge of Allegiance
The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag was written in 1892 by then 37-year-old minister Francis Bellamy. The original version of Bellamyââ¬â¢s pledge read, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic, for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠By not specifying to which flag or which republic allegiance was being pledged, Bellamy suggested that his pledge could be used by any country, as well as the United States. Bellamy wrote his pledge for inclusion in the Boston-published Youths Companion magazine ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Best of American Life in Fiction Fact and Comment.â⬠The pledge was also printed on leaflets and sent to schools throughout the United States at the time. The first recorded organized recital of the original Pledge of Allegiance took place on Oct. 12, 1892, when some 12 million American school children recited it to commemorate the 400-year anniversary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus. Despite its widespread public acceptance at the time, important changes to the Pledge of Allegiance as written by Bellamy were on the way. Change In Consideration of Immigrants By the early 1920s, the first National Flag Conference (source of the U.S. Flag Code), the American Legion, and the Daughters of the American Revolution all recommended changes to the Pledge of Allegiance intended to clarify its meaning when recited by immigrants. These changes addressed concerns that since the pledge as then written failed to mention the flag of any specific country, immigrants to the United States might feel that they were pledging allegiance to their native country, rather than the U.S., when reciting the Pledge. So in 1923, the pronoun ââ¬Å"myâ⬠was dropped from the pledge and the phrase ââ¬Å"the Flagâ⬠was added, resulting in, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag and Republic, for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠A year later, the National Flag Conference, in order to completely clarify issue, added the words ââ¬Å"of America,â⬠resulting in, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠Change in Consideration of God In 1954, the Pledge of Allegiance underwent its most controversial change to date. With the threat of Communism looming, President Dwight Eisenhower pressed Congress to add the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠to the pledge.à In advocating for the change, Eisenhower declared it would ââ¬Å"reaffirm the transcendence of religious faith in Americaââ¬â¢s heritage and futureâ⬠and ââ¬Å"strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countryââ¬â¢s most powerful resource in peace and war.â⬠On June 14, 1954, in a Joint Resolution amending a section of the Flag Code, Congress created the Pledge of Allegiance recited by most Americans today: ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.â⬠What About Church and State? Over the decades since 1954, there have been legal challenges to the constitutionality of the inclusion of ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠in the pledge. Most notably, in 2004, when an avowed atheist sued the Elk Grove (California) Unified School District claiming that its pledge recital requirement violated his daughterââ¬â¢s rights under the First Amendmentââ¬â¢s Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses. In deciding the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, the U.S.à Supreme Court failed to rule on the question of the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠violating the First Amendment. Instead, the Court ruled that the plaintiff, Mr. Newdow, did not have legal standing to file the suit because he lacked sufficient custody of his daughter. However, Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Sandra Day Oââ¬â¢Connor and Clarence Thomas wrote separate opinions on the case, stating that requiring teachers to lead the Pledge was constitutional. In 2010, two federal appeals courts ruled in a similar challenge that ââ¬Å"the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the Establishment Clause because Congressââ¬â¢ ostensible and predominant purpose was to inspire patriotismâ⬠and ââ¬Å"both the choice to engage in the recitation of the Pledge and the choice not to do so are entirely voluntary.â⬠à Pledge of Allegiance Timeline September 18, 1892: Francis Bellamyââ¬â¢s pledge is published in ââ¬Å"The Youths Companionâ⬠magazine to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. October 12, 1892: The pledge is first recited in American schools.à à 1923: The original wording ââ¬Å"my Flagâ⬠is replaced by ââ¬Å"the flag of the United States of America.â⬠1942: The pledge is officially recognized by the U.S. government. 1943: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that requiring a person to say the pledge is a violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.à June 14, 1954: At the request of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Congress adds ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠to the pledge. 1998: Atheist Michael Newdow files suit against the school board of Broward County, Florida to get the phrase under God removed from the pledge. The suit is dismissed. 2000: Newdow files a lawsuit against Elk Grove Unified School District in California arguing that forcing students to listen to the words under Godâ⬠is a violation of the First Amendment. The case reaches the Supreme Court in 2004, where it is dismissed. 2005: Joined by parents in the Sacramento, California, area, Newdow files a new lawsuit seeking to have the phrase under God from the Pledge of Allegiance. In 2010, the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals denies Newdowââ¬â¢s appeal finding that the pledge does not represent a government endorsement of religion, as prohibited by the Constitution. May 9, 2014: The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that because reciting the Pledge of Allegiance is a patriotic, rather than a religious, exercise, saying the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠does not discriminate against atheists.
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